Strabismus can occur when one of the eye muscles is either working too hard or not hard enough and an eye turn is noticed.

There are 3 main types of Duane retraction syndrome. All 3 types are sometimes unilateral (one eye) but often bilateral (both eyes).

Brown syndrome refers to a restriction of the superior oblique muscle usually due to tightness around the trochlea.

Asteroid hyalosis is a degenerative process that occurs when calcium pyrophosphate salt particles accumulate in the vitreous humor.

Arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) occurs due to an autoimmune condition called Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA).

Non-arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy occurs when the blood vessels behind the eye responsible for maintaining the optic nerve, occlude.

Optic neuritis refers to inflammation of the optic nerve thereby affecting the transfer of vision from the eye to the brain.

Papilledema refers to the swelling of both optic nerves due to increased intra-cranial pressure.

Optic disk drusen are small calcified deposits that grow in the optic nerve.

These poorly grown nerves tend to be much larger in size but have a large hole in the middle.

Bacterial keratitis occurs when bacteria is able to adhere and colonize the cornea.

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a virus that can affect every part of the eye but usually only presents in the cornea.

Nystagmus is the involuntary oscillation of one or both eyes either left and right (most common), up and down, or rotationally.

Preseptal cellulitis refers to an infection anterior to the orbital septum whereas orbital cellulitis is posterior to the orbital septum.

Scleritis refers to inflammation and swelling of the sclera.

Thygeson’s superficial punctate keratitis (SPK) is a condition that affects the cornea of each eye.

Infectious keratitis occurs when a microbe (bacteria, fungus, or protozoa), or virus infects at least one of the layers of the cornea.

Herpes zoster exits the trigeminal nerve and infects the tissues of the orbit and half the skin of the face.

There are 2 stages of TED. Stage 1 refers to the inflammatory stage where the antibodies attack orbital tissues and cause swelling.

Retention (or inclusion) cysts and lymphangiectasias represent thinly walled lesions over the sclera containing clear fluid.