The most common effect of hypertension on the eyes is hypertensive retinopathy. The constantly high pressure damages the muscles of arteries

Valsalva retinopathy occurs when the pressure build up is so great that it pops a blood vessel on or inside the retina.

Exotropia is a type of strabismus (eye turn) where one eye is seen wandering outwards but all of the eye muscles still maintain full motion.

Esotropia is a type of strabismus (eye turn) where one eye is seen crossing inwards but all of the eye muscles still have full motion.

Accommodative insufficiency refers to the inability of the ciliary body to constrict resulting in blurred vision.

Convergence insufficiency is a condition whereby the eyes cannot converge to see a near target.

Amblyopia refers to a condition where the vision is sub-optimal despite a healthy eye.

Strabismus can occur when one of the eye muscles is either working too hard or not hard enough and an eye turn is noticed.

There are 3 main types of Duane retraction syndrome. All 3 types are sometimes unilateral (one eye) but often bilateral (both eyes).

Brown syndrome refers to a restriction of the superior oblique muscle usually due to tightness around the trochlea.

Asteroid hyalosis is a degenerative process that occurs when calcium pyrophosphate salt particles accumulate in the vitreous humor.

Arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) occurs due to an autoimmune condition called Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA).

Non-arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy occurs when the blood vessels behind the eye responsible for maintaining the optic nerve, occlude.

Multiple Sclerosis is characterized by the body’s defense system, the immune system, attacking the myelin sheath of it’s own neurons.

Optic neuritis refers to inflammation of the optic nerve thereby affecting the transfer of vision from the eye to the brain.

Papilledema refers to the swelling of both optic nerves due to increased intra-cranial pressure.

Optic disk drusen are small calcified deposits that grow in the optic nerve.

These poorly grown nerves tend to be much larger in size but have a large hole in the middle.

Bacterial keratitis occurs when bacteria is able to adhere and colonize the cornea.

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a virus that can affect every part of the eye but usually only presents in the cornea.