Nystagmus is the involuntary oscillation of one or both eyes either left and right (most common), up and down, or rotationally.

Preseptal cellulitis refers to an infection anterior to the orbital septum whereas orbital cellulitis is posterior to the orbital septum.

Myasthenia Gravis (MG) is an autoimmune condition where the body creates antibodies that block muscle activation.

Historically, it was thought that migraines, episodes of moderate to severe head pain, from fluctuations in blood flow to the brain.

Scleritis refers to inflammation and swelling of the sclera.

Thygeson’s superficial punctate keratitis (SPK) is a condition that affects the cornea of each eye.

Refractive eye surgery refers to a collection of surgeries that change the power of either the cornea or the lens.

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common systemic disease associated with anterior uveitis in childhood.

Infectious keratitis occurs when a microbe (bacteria, fungus, or protozoa), or virus infects at least one of the layers of the cornea.

Herpes zoster exits the trigeminal nerve and infects the tissues of the orbit and half the skin of the face.

There are 2 stages of TED. Stage 1 refers to the inflammatory stage where the antibodies attack orbital tissues and cause swelling.

Retention (or inclusion) cysts and lymphangiectasias represent thinly walled lesions over the sclera containing clear fluid.

Neurotrophic keratopathy refers to a variety of conditions where the corneal nerves stop functioning.

Spasms occur when these nerves, without a known stimulus, cause contraction of the muscles they control.

Marginal keratitis refers to a hypersentivity reaction within the cornea to the bacteria on the eyelids and is seen as white dots.

Phlyctenulosis refers to a hypersensitivity reaction usually within the conjunctiva or cornea to the bacteria on the eyelids.

Recurrent corneal erosions occur when the epithelium, during sleep, starts to stick to the back of the eyelids and upon awakening rips open.

Rosacea is a common chronic skin condition that can affect facial skin by causing blood vessels to become visible, blushing, flushing , etc.

Pseudo-exfoliation syndrome is a condition whereby fibrous material leaks from the blood vessels of the eye and accumulates within the eye.

A pinguecula and a pterygium are two very similar ocular findings.