Posterior capsular opacification (PCO), also known as 'after-cataract', occurs in about 20-25% of patients after cataract surgery.

A retinal detachment refers to when the retina separates from the retinal pigment epithelium.

A retinal break is usually caused by pulling forced between the vitreous humor gel and the retina.

Retinoschisis is a condition where the layers of the retina start to separate from each other.

Lattice and snail track degenerations are like stretch marks on the retina.

A retinal tuft is an abnormality present at birth (congenital) that is often in one of two main forms.

A posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) refers to the separation of the vitreous humor from the retina.

A retinal artery occlusion occurs when one of the arteries that extends into the eye is blocked.

CSR represents a condition where a large area of swelling occurs under the macula of one eye.

Solar retinopathy occurs when photoreceptors absorb intense solar radiation (light from the sun) and burst.

VMT occurs when the gel is still attached to the retina but is in the process of pulling away.

A retinal vein occlusion occurs when one of the veins that extends into the eye is blocked.

A macular hole is a fairly common cause of central vision loss and occurs due to the pulling forces of the vitreous gel on the fovea.

An epiretinal membrane (ERM) is formed due to an event that causes the dislocation of glial cells.

Valsalva retinopathy occurs when the pressure build up is so great that it pops a blood vessel on or inside the retina.

Exotropia is a type of strabismus (eye turn) where one eye is seen wandering outwards but all of the eye muscles still maintain full motion.

Esotropia is a type of strabismus (eye turn) where one eye is seen crossing inwards but all of the eye muscles still have full motion.

Accommodative insufficiency refers to the inability of the ciliary body to constrict resulting in blurred vision.

Convergence insufficiency is a condition whereby the eyes cannot converge to see a near target.

Amblyopia refers to a condition where the vision is sub-optimal despite a healthy eye.

Strabismus can occur when one of the eye muscles is either working too hard or not hard enough and an eye turn is noticed.

There are 3 main types of Duane retraction syndrome. All 3 types are sometimes unilateral (one eye) but often bilateral (both eyes).

Brown syndrome refers to a restriction of the superior oblique muscle usually due to tightness around the trochlea.

Asteroid hyalosis is a degenerative process that occurs when calcium pyrophosphate salt particles accumulate in the vitreous humor.

Arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) occurs due to an autoimmune condition called Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA).

Non-arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy occurs when the blood vessels behind the eye responsible for maintaining the optic nerve, occlude.

Optic neuritis refers to inflammation of the optic nerve thereby affecting the transfer of vision from the eye to the brain.

Papilledema refers to the swelling of both optic nerves due to increased intra-cranial pressure.

Optic disk drusen are small calcified deposits that grow in the optic nerve.

These poorly grown nerves tend to be much larger in size but have a large hole in the middle.

Bacterial keratitis occurs when bacteria is able to adhere and colonize the cornea.

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a virus that can affect every part of the eye but usually only presents in the cornea.

Nystagmus is the involuntary oscillation of one or both eyes either left and right (most common), up and down, or rotationally.

Preseptal cellulitis refers to an infection anterior to the orbital septum whereas orbital cellulitis is posterior to the orbital septum.

Scleritis refers to inflammation and swelling of the sclera.

Thygeson’s superficial punctate keratitis (SPK) is a condition that affects the cornea of each eye.

Infectious keratitis occurs when a microbe (bacteria, fungus, or protozoa), or virus infects at least one of the layers of the cornea.

Herpes zoster exits the trigeminal nerve and infects the tissues of the orbit and half the skin of the face.

There are 2 stages of TED. Stage 1 refers to the inflammatory stage where the antibodies attack orbital tissues and cause swelling.

Retention (or inclusion) cysts and lymphangiectasias represent thinly walled lesions over the sclera containing clear fluid.

Neurotrophic keratopathy refers to a variety of conditions where the corneal nerves stop functioning.

Spasms occur when these nerves, without a known stimulus, cause contraction of the muscles they control.

Marginal keratitis refers to a hypersentivity reaction within the cornea to the bacteria on the eyelids and is seen as white dots.

Phlyctenulosis refers to a hypersensitivity reaction usually within the conjunctiva or cornea to the bacteria on the eyelids.

Recurrent corneal erosions occur when the epithelium, during sleep, starts to stick to the back of the eyelids and upon awakening rips open.

Rosacea is a common chronic skin condition that can affect facial skin by causing blood vessels to become visible, blushing, flushing , etc.

Pseudo-exfoliation syndrome is a condition whereby fibrous material leaks from the blood vessels of the eye and accumulates within the eye.

A pinguecula and a pterygium are two very similar ocular findings.

Trichiasis and distichiasis are two conditions that result in eyelashes being directed into the eye and causing discomfort.

Pigment dispersion syndrome is a typically bilateral (both eyes) condition where the iris rubs against the zonules and pigment clogs the eye